What is a turbocharger and how does it work?

Turbocharger: The Secret to Better Engine Performance

A turbocharger is a component that enables an engine to "deliver" more air. It is a crucial part of the context of engine performance, as it allows for an increase in power while maintaining fuel efficiency. By compressing air before it is delivered to the engine, the turbocharger increases the density of the air, which results in better combustion of the fuel-air mixture. This, in turn, leads to increased engine power and a reduction in harmful emissions released into the atmosphere.

Construction and Principles of Operation

A turbocharger consists of two main parts: the turbine, also known as the hot side, and the compressor, known as the cold side. Their impellers are rigidly connected by a common shaft. The turbine, driven by exhaust gases from the engine, drives the compressor impeller, which compresses air before it is delivered to the engine. Exhaust gases, flowing through the exhaust system, reach the turbine housing and are then directed to various elements of the exhaust system.

The animation was taken from https://www.ecufiles.com/

Principle of Pressure and Exhaust Gas Regulation

To control the operation of the turbine, two main mechanisms are used: the wastegate valve and variable geometry.

Wastegate Valve

Located in the turbine housing or exhaust system, the wastegate valve diverts a portion of the exhaust gases around the turbine, bypassing it partially or completely. When the boost pressure reaches a certain level, the wastegate valve opens, regulating the rotational speed of the turbosupercharger and boost pressure.

Variable Geometry

Utilizes a mechanism that changes the shape and positioning of the turbine blades to regulate the flow of exhaust gases through the turbine. This, in turn, changes the rotational speed of the turbosupercharger and boosts pressure.

Types of Turbochargers  Based on Technology

There are various types of turbochargers, each utilizing different technologies to ensure the efficiency and performance of the engine. The most common types are:

1. Single-Turbo or Single-Stage Turbochargers

2. Twin-Turbo or Twin-Stage Turbochargers. Two parallel turbines. Commonly used in V-engines.

3. Bi-Turbo. A combination of two turbines of different sizes: a small low-pressure turbocharger and a large high-pressure turbocharger. The small turbocharger operates at low engine speeds, while the large turbocharger operates at higher engine speeds.

Each type has its features, advantages, and disadvantages, which we've discussed in the previous blog posts (https://wiatreo.pl/en/article/rodzaje-technologii-turbosprezarek).

Eventually, what is a turbocharger, and how does it affect your engine?  A turbocharger is a device that boosts engine performance by compressing air before it enters the engine, leading to better combustion, more power, and improved fuel efficiency. The whole process begins when the exhaust gases drive the turbine, which powers the compressor to increase air density.

History of Turbosupercharger Development: Technological Evolution

The origins of turbocharging date back to the 1880s, when French engineer Auguste Rateau developed the first prototype of a device that used exhaust gases to power the engine. However, the true application of Turbochargers in the automotive industry did not come until the 1960s.

In 1962, General Motors introduced the first mass-produced car with a turbocharger, the Oldsmobile Jetfire. A year later, Porsche used a turbocharger in the 911 Turbo model, which gained a reputation as one of the fastest cars of its time.

In the following decades, technological developments led to improvements in turbocharger design. The introduction of advanced materials, precise manufacturing techniques, and electronic control systems significantly improved the performance and reliability of these devices.

Today, Turbochargers are widely used in all types of vehicles, from passenger cars to heavy construction machinery. Their role in improving engine performance, increasing power, and reducing emissions is undeniable, making them an essential component of modern motoring. The turbocharger is therefore one of the key elements of the powertrain, significantly influencing the performance and output of the engine.

History of the creation of the car turbosupercharger - https://www.cartur.com.pl/historia-turbosprezarki